Economics of Leisure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Economics of Leisure - Essay Example He believed that the remaining hours could be in pursuit of writing, printing and innovation. In 1930s, John Maynard Keynes, one of the neo-classical economists predicted that people would only need to work for less than 15 hours in a week by 2030. 84 years after Keynes prediction, it appears that people are working even more hours with the advancement of technology. Questions asked by neo classical economists are whether the trends conform to economic priori as adopted by the classical. The discussion in this paper will negate the notion that advancement in technology associated with economic growth results into high leisure hours. It will also discuss the reasons as to why this happens. Economic development which entails the advancement of nation’s institutions has leisure at its focal point. Most nations that are on the take off mainly focus on the economic growth and not development. The developed countries on other hand are mainly focused on enhancing the living standards of its people. It means that leisure remains at the focal point. Despite this, people from these countries still have reduced number of leisure hours. There are however a number of reasons that causes increase and reduced working and leisure hour respectively (Gary 2007). Firstly, the development of technology entails the advancement of consumer goods. Most people are often amazed by new technological advancement such as personal computer, digital camera, internet among other technologies. Therefore, the only way people must maintain this level of technology is to work more hours (Cooke 1994). Research has proved that people will rarely stop working when they have free time, instead they will yearn to get more. As human makes money, there will be a need to make more. Most people have realised that working faster will give them an opportunity to make more money. Through this, most people have realized that their ability of

Critique an events marketing actions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critique an events marketing actions - Essay Example This sporting event, like all sporting events tests will power and endurance. Besides that the thrill associated with car races is legendary as cars and sports drive testosterone simultaneously. The benefits of the Dakar car rally are extremely varied. South America is a land of splendor and its discovery keeps on throwing surprises at motorists and viewers alike. Besides the sporting aspect and the discovery of the worlds different places, an important aspect of Dakar is the development of relationships and the human touch. Dakar has led to a development of many ties and instantaneous friendships between the competitors and the host nations. The cascade of colour also burgeons the culture divide and displays a rich amalgamation of culture of the motorists and the different countries where the races are held. It promotes culture of the host nations and brings the country exposure which is very valuable for the country from tourism point of view. Besides that there are numerous econom ic advantages associated with the Dakar car rally. Some of these are the liked to the logistical requirements needed by the rally which inject funds into the country's economy. A study resulted in finding that the estimate of its direct economic impact reaches 396 million pesos (i.e. 74.3 million euros).(Lavigne). The country's image was also optimized and tourist potential increased which also contributed to intangible benefits for the country which will be reaped in the years to come. The rally is all encompassing and is based on two core values, courage and endurance. The setting was in the Sahara, the most beautiful and mystical of all deserts and the effects are like an imprinted tattoo. For people in Africa where it was previously held they are the highlights of the normally uneventful life. For people watching it on TV, it is pure entertainment and for sponsors an extreme amount of exposure. It is a marketing juggernaut which is gold old fashioned selling adventure where ever y thing from toiletries to cars and motorcycles are sold. It is a paradox of cultures and a perfect amalgamation of the two sides of the world: the refined and glitzy Paris and the crude off road places where drivers have to battle difficult conditions. (Lawrence Hacking) Reasons for sponsorship The Dakar car rally, like all other sporting events is a well-sponsored event. Since it is an event which gets international coverage, the sponsors are also international. Sports sponsorship is not a new phenomenon and it is not only dine for social reasons. Not only sponsors fulfill their obligation towards the society but they also get a lot of positive publicity. Quester (P.G., 1996) has stated â€Å"the tacit nature of the message and the emotional involvement of the audience in the sponsored activity suggest that sponsorship may exercise an emotive rather than cognitive influence on consumer behaviour†. (Charles Bal). This fact is enough to draw sponsors towards the sporting even t. â€Å"Sponsorship has become a critical element in the integrated marketing communication mix of many private and public sector organizations. Among different types of marketing communication sponsorship is said to be one of the most powerful mediums now used to communicate and form relationships with stakeholders and markets (Skildum-Reid). Thus companies are willing to sponsor events which will bring positive publicity and bring better positioning of the brand and its product. Main

3G Communications System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3G Communications System - Essay Example EV-DO, WCDMA, HSDPA, GPRS and EDGE are the major technologies in use, allthough GPRS and EDGE are often called 2.5G because of their lower speeds.3G systems were introduced in Europe in March 2003 and later moved to the UK and Italian markets. According to a study by strategy analytics published on their website, by the end of 2006, approximately 167 million people worldwide will be customers of 3G networks. This implies that there is vast potential for growth. With the invention of the 3G network, users have been provided with an opportunity to upgrade their existing services and avail of superior services and high transfers in voice and data.The 3G communications system was developed in the Asian region with Japan in the forefront of innovation. The Japanese introduced this system in their country and is vey popular. The upgrading of systems began in 1999 and is expected to continue till 2010. As of reports published in June 2007, 6.7 per cent of the total worldwide users are 3G us ers.Predominant countries that have a large share among their users are Japan and Korea. Fifty per cent of the users in these countries subscribers in Italy are 3G users and UK, Austria and Singapore's 3G market base is made up of 20 per cent of it's consumers.The objective of this research is to elucidate the problems and opportunities in the 3G Global market. Upon identification of these problems and opportunities, we can suggest necessary or adequate measures to solve the problems. The data involved in the research will be secondary, collected from publications and papers of various independent market research agencies. After studying the data and interpretations, the research will bring out answers on what can be done to solve the problems and make avail of the opportunities. Opportunities and threats to the 3G market. The 3G service has gone through various stages of migration passing through various stages of service integration and unification. These stages have revealed various opportunities and threats faced by the 3G market. Threats faced by the 3G operators: 1. Lack of robust service strategies - Early 3G launches lack robust service strategies, diverse approaches had been applied but failed to capture the attention of the consumers due to the arising problems. 2. High Cost of Licenses - Governments around the world charged expensive license fees to 3G operators. Not only were the fees exhorbitant, but also subject to Government bids and auctions. 3. High Installation and Operating Costs - The technology costs for running a 3G network is very high. 3G operates on a different frequency from 2G and mobile operators must build new networks for 3G. This setup involves heavy capital expenditure and thus overheads of operating a 3G system are very high. 4. Lack of Coverage in many areas - 3G being a new service is still in the developmental stages, therefore there is a lack of coverage in many areas. 5. Burden on the Customer - 3G involves a higher cost of operating and maintenance, the handsets are relatively expensive to purchase thereby burdening the consumer and affecting sales ultimately. This is the main reason that led to the shutdown of Vodafone KK (the Japanese subsidiary of Vodafone). Consumers in Japan were used to using smaller handsets and the consumers in Europe demanded bigger handsets to meet their requirements. So Vodafone started to market bigger handsets to

Religious nationalism in India and how it relates to globalization Essay

Religious nationalism in India and how it relates to globalization - Essay Example Religious nationalism in India and how it affects the economic development of India has been well portrayed in the book "Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India" by Peter Van der Veer. The author has considered many factors such as religious movements, discourses and practices, which retard the progress of globalization process in India which are untouched by others so far. The book extensively reviewed the structure of major Indian religions Hindu and Muslim identities in India. The Ayodhya issue ( Babri Masjid demolition by Hindu fundamentalists) which contributed immensely to the current conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims in India. The author argues that larger frameworks of locality were already available in India before the colonial era and the religious nationalism has builds on such earlier frameworks. The rituals of the larger community, Hindu have been incorporated to religious nationalism in this book. He claims that the transnational experiences reinforce the nationalists and religious identity in India. He attributes the Ayodhya issue as a conscious, planned action by religious and political movement. The interpretations of history in favour of either community by the fundamentalists enlarged the Hindu Muslim conflicts further. The author argues that religious nationalism combines anti-historical feature of religious discourse with an empiricist search for â€Å"facts† that has been highly influenced by orientalism, in this book. In this book Van der Veer looks, from a comparative perspective, at the development of Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim religious communities. Religious nationalism in the past 2 centuries builds on the forms of religious identities. This book also discusses the features and implications of the languages Hindi and Urdu used by Hindus and Muslims. The author tries to relate these languages to sacred languages Sanskrit used by the Hindus and Arabic used by Muslims. The book tries to

3G Communications System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3G Communications System - Essay Example EV-DO, WCDMA, HSDPA, GPRS and EDGE are the major technologies in use, allthough GPRS and EDGE are often called 2.5G because of their lower speeds.3G systems were introduced in Europe in March 2003 and later moved to the UK and Italian markets. According to a study by strategy analytics published on their website, by the end of 2006, approximately 167 million people worldwide will be customers of 3G networks. This implies that there is vast potential for growth. With the invention of the 3G network, users have been provided with an opportunity to upgrade their existing services and avail of superior services and high transfers in voice and data.The 3G communications system was developed in the Asian region with Japan in the forefront of innovation. The Japanese introduced this system in their country and is vey popular. The upgrading of systems began in 1999 and is expected to continue till 2010. As of reports published in June 2007, 6.7 per cent of the total worldwide users are 3G us ers.Predominant countries that have a large share among their users are Japan and Korea. Fifty per cent of the users in these countries subscribers in Italy are 3G users and UK, Austria and Singapore's 3G market base is made up of 20 per cent of it's consumers.The objective of this research is to elucidate the problems and opportunities in the 3G Global market. Upon identification of these problems and opportunities, we can suggest necessary or adequate measures to solve the problems. The data involved in the research will be secondary, collected from publications and papers of various independent market research agencies. After studying the data and interpretations, the research will bring out answers on what can be done to solve the problems and make avail of the opportunities. Opportunities and threats to the 3G market. The 3G service has gone through various stages of migration passing through various stages of service integration and unification. These stages have revealed various opportunities and threats faced by the 3G market. Threats faced by the 3G operators: 1. Lack of robust service strategies - Early 3G launches lack robust service strategies, diverse approaches had been applied but failed to capture the attention of the consumers due to the arising problems. 2. High Cost of Licenses - Governments around the world charged expensive license fees to 3G operators. Not only were the fees exhorbitant, but also subject to Government bids and auctions. 3. High Installation and Operating Costs - The technology costs for running a 3G network is very high. 3G operates on a different frequency from 2G and mobile operators must build new networks for 3G. This setup involves heavy capital expenditure and thus overheads of operating a 3G system are very high. 4. Lack of Coverage in many areas - 3G being a new service is still in the developmental stages, therefore there is a lack of coverage in many areas. 5. Burden on the Customer - 3G involves a higher cost of operating and maintenance, the handsets are relatively expensive to purchase thereby burdening the consumer and affecting sales ultimately. This is the main reason that led to the shutdown of Vodafone KK (the Japanese subsidiary of Vodafone). Consumers in Japan were used to using smaller handsets and the consumers in Europe demanded bigger handsets to meet their requirements. So Vodafone started to market bigger handsets to

Risk Assessment for Retail Property Investments in Ireland and Europe Essay

Risk Assessment for Retail Property Investments in Ireland and Europe - Essay Example The rise of disposable income (predicted to exceed 100 billion by 2010) and population growth in Ireland are the reasons that led to the escalation of the retail property segment. The retail investments contributed 52% of the total property investments in 2006. Retail parks and retail outlet centres have shown the most prominent growth in the retail sector since the year 1990. Some counties in Ireland like Leitrim and Roscommon do not have any shopping centre facilities at all while others like Laois, Kilkenny, Carlow, Westmeath and Louth are oversupplied (Market News, 2006). The oversupply is a cause of concern for the retailers as it leads to more competition. The depression in the housing market, rising unemployment and other adverse economic conditions have affected the spending capacity of the customers in a negative fashion (Retail sector becoming more competitive, 2008). Fig. 1 shows the pedestrian foot fall in the first three months of 2008 on the two main streets of Dublin i.e. Grafton Street (down 9% as compared to the previous five years) and Henry Street (down 12%)(Finfacts Team, 2008). However the conditions in Ireland are better than in other European nations. There is a vast scope of foreign retail investments in the country as compared to other European countries. The spending power of people is superior and the economic conditions are favourable for the retail expansion than those in other countries of Europe. The growth of the property sector also depends on the global economic scenario. The availability of funds from the banks for new ventures in the retail sector will also hamper its growth. There is a concern about the oversupply and resulting stagnation as happened in the housing market. The investors must make sure that the overdevelopment does not have a negative impact on the rental and capital values. As shown in the fig.2 the rents in a major street in Dublin are very high compared to other countries in Europe and are stable over a couple of years, with retail shopping centres making the major contribution (Finfacts Team, 2008a). Fig.2 (Finfacts Team, 2008) The current scenario in the retail market in other European nations is as follows: There is a vast scope of retail development and investment in the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The retail sector is not fully developed yet and offers a great possibility of economic expansion. Eastern European countries like Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic have saturated retail markets in major cities and the focus of development is shifting to smaller regions. There is a huge retail investment opportunities in form of shopping malls and retail stores in Central European countries like Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Russia. Portugal and Denmark will mark more than normal retail trade expansion. Demand in these countries is more than supply, making them potential development prospects. UK is likely to experience a slowdown in the retail market investments as shown in fig.3. Fig.3 (Finfacts Team,

HUM History and Methods of Science Essay Example for Free

HUM History and Methods of Science Essay Social views and culture denoted scientist, in general, as individuals who exist different from the common society. This idea is mainly because scientists live with a strong conviction to their field and their reasoning is widely based on the empirical side of the environment they lived in. Because of this, scientist’ cultures and lifestyles are significantly affected with their governing philosophies and scientific principles. The aspect of communication is also included in the human cultures and philosophies that are affected by the conviction in the scientific world. In this idea, scientists do tend to communicate with their colleagues in a manner, which is significant based on their scientific principles. There communication is widely empirical in nature that they tend to express themselves and reason out through proving the validity of their statement in an empirical nature. Scientist’s opinions and ideas are always supported with factual and scientific proofs whenever they share it with their colleagues. Through this manner, scientist can and are ready to defend the validity of their statements whenever they communicate with their fellow scientist as they are all governed by their scientific principles and philosophies. Another common trend in the communication aspects of the scientist is that they tend to relate each of their opinions and ideas to other scientific concepts or factual events and phenomenon. This is probably habitual in nature, as their profession requires them to be open-minded and critical in their field. Their communication aspect is often critical and analytic in nature whenever they state something or dispute an idea. Hus, from this concepts and ideas, one can actually see that profession indeed such as the field of science can affect the human culture and personal behavior of an individual as with the case of the society of scientist. In this concept, the behavior of scientist towards their profession becomes habitual in nature thus affecting their innate and personal communication aspect in general.